SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Lithops</title>

</head>

Lithops

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Living stone" redirects here. For the 1958 documentary film, see <a href="The_Living_Stone" title="The Living Stone">The Living Stone</a>.</div>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Lithops

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Lithops sp. by <a href="Rudolf_Marloth" title="Rudolf Marloth">Rudolf Marloth</a>, 1929

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kingdom:

</td>

<td><a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Clade:

</td>

<td><a href="Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Clade:

</td>

<td><a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Clade:

</td>

<td><a href="Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Order:

</td>

<td><a href="Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Family:

</td>

<td><a href="Aizoaceae" title="Aizoaceae">Aizoaceae</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Subfamily:

</td>

<td>Ruschioideae

</td></tr>

<td>Tribe:

</td>

<td>Ruschieae

</td></tr>

<td>Genus:

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species

</th></tr>

<tr>

See text

</td></tr>

</tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1289143401">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media(max-width:640px){body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .infobox{width:100%!important}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .infobox th{width:50%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow2 td{padding:2px 10px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

Lithops is a <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">succulent plants</a> in the ice plant family, <a href="Aizoaceae" title="Aizoaceae">Aizoaceae</a>. Members of the genus are native to <a href="Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a>. They avoid being eaten by herbivores with <a href="Camouflage_in_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Camouflage in plants">their camouflage</a> as small stones, and are often known as pebble plants or living stones.

"Lithops" is both the genus name and the common name, and is singular as well as plural. The name is derived from the <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw external" title="wikt:λίθος">λίθος</a> (líthos) 'stone' and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CF%88#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ὄψ">ὄψ</a> (óps) 'face', referring to the stone-like appearance of the plants.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

Individual Lithops consist of one or more pairs of bulbous, almost fused <a href="Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> opposite each other and hardly any <a href="Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a>. The slit between the leaves contains the <a href="Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</a> and produces <a href="Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> and new leaves. The leaves of Lithops are mostly buried below the surface of the <a href="Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, with a partially or completely translucent top surface known as a <a href="Leaf_window" title="Leaf window">leaf window</a> which allows light to enter the interior of the leaves for <a href="Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

During winter a new leaf pair, or occasionally more than one, grows inside the existing fused leaf pair. In <a href="Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a> the old leaf pair parts to reveal the new leaves and the old leaves will then dry up. Lithops leaves may shrink and disappear below ground level during <a href="Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>. Yellow or white flowers emerge from the fissure between the leaves after the new leaf pair fully matures, one per leaf pair. This is usually in autumn, but can be before the summer <a href="Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> in <a href="Lithops_pseudotruncatella" title="Lithops pseudotruncatella">L. pseudotruncatella</a> and after the winter <a href="Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> in <a href="Lithops_optica" title="Lithops optica">L. optica</a>. The flowers are often sweetly scented.

The most startling <a href="Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> of Lithops is the colouring of the leaves. The leaves are <a href="Leaf_window" title="Leaf window">fenestrated</a>, and the <a href="Leaf_window" title="Leaf window">epidermal windows</a> are patterned in various shades of cream, grey, and brown, with darker windowed areas, dots, and red lines, according to species and local conditions. The markings function as remarkable <a href="Camouflage_in_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Camouflage in plants">camouflage for the plant</a> in its typically stony environment. As is typical of a window plant, the green tissue lines the inside of the leaves and is covered with <a href="Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">translucent</a> tissue beneath the epidermal windows.

Lithops are obligate <a href="Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outcrossers</a> and require <a href="Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> from a separate plant. Like most <a href="Mesemb" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesemb">mesembs</a>, Lithops fruit is a dry <a href="Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsule</a> that opens when it becomes wet; some <a href="Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> may be ejected by falling raindrops, and the capsule re-closes when it dries out. Capsules may also sometimes detach and be distributed intact, or may disintegrate after several years.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div>

Lithops occur naturally across wide areas of <a href="Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, as well as small bordering areas in <a href="Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> and possibly <a href="Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, from sea level to high mountains. Nearly a thousand individual populations are documented, each covering just a small area of dry grassland, <a href="Veld" title="Veld">veld</a>, or bare rocky ground. Different Lithops species are preferentially found in particular environments, usually restricted to a particular type of rock. Lithops have not <a href="Naturalisation_(biology)" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalised</a> outside this region.

<a href="Rain" title="Rain">Rainfall</a> in Lithops habitats ranges from approximately 700 mm/year to near zero. Rainfall patterns range from exclusively summer rain to exclusively winter rain, with a few species relying almost entirely on dew formation for moisture. Temperatures are usually hot in summer and cool to cold in winter, but one species is found right at the coast with very moderate temperatures year round.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div>

Lithops are popular <a href="House_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="House plant">house plants</a> and many specialist <a href="Succulent" class="mw-redirect" title="Succulent">succulent</a> growers maintain collections. <a href="Seed" title="Seed">Seeds</a> and plants are widely available in shops and over the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. They are relatively easy to grow and care for if given sufficient sun and kept in well-draining soil.

Normal treatment in mild <a href="Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> <a href="Climate" title="Climate">climates</a> is to keep them completely dry during winter, watering only when the old leaves have dried up and are replaced by a new leaf pair. Watering continues through autumn, when the plants flower, and then stops for winter. The best results are obtained in an environment with additional heat such as a greenhouse. In hotter <a href="Climate" title="Climate">climates</a>, Lithops will have a summer dormancy when they should be kept mostly dry, and they may require some water in winter. In <a href="Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> climates, Lithops can be grown primarily in winter with a long summer dormancy. In all conditions, Lithops will be most active and need most water during autumn and most species will flower at approximately the same time.

Lithops thrive best in a coarse, well-drained substrate. Any soil that retains too much water will cause the plants to burst their skins as they over-expand. Plants grown in strong light will develop hard strongly coloured skins which are resistant to damage and rot, although persistent overwatering will still be fatal. Excessive heat will kill potted plants as they cannot cool themselves by <a href="Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> and rely on staying buried in cool soil below the surface. Commercial growers mix a mild fungicide or weak strength horticultural sulfur into the plant's water to prevent rotting. Lithops are sensitive to watering during hot weather, which can cause the plants to rot; in habitat the plants are often dormant when the temperatures are high, doing most of their growing during the cool months of the year. Low light levels will make the plants highly susceptible to rotting and fungal infection.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

In the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> the following species have gained the <a href="Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>:<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">

<ul><li><a href="Lithops_karasmontana" title="Lithops karasmontana">Lithops karasmontana</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithops_olivacea" title="Lithops olivacea">Lithops olivacea</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithops_pseudotruncatella" title="Lithops pseudotruncatella">Lithops pseudotruncatella</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithops_salicola" title="Lithops salicola">Lithops salicola</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithops_schwantesii" title="Lithops schwantesii">Lithops schwantesii</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivars">Cultivars</h2></div>

Mr Keith Green was appointed <a href="International_Cultivar_Registration_Authority" title="International Cultivar Registration Authority">International Cultivar Registration Authority</a> for Lithops in 2013, and recognises over 100 registered <a href="Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scrapbook-10">[10]</a>

Since Lithops are mostly propagated by seed, cultivars require to be stabilised as seed strains. Most cultivars are either abnormally green or abnormally red plants, lacking most of the normal leaf pigments. Some were initially found as isolated unusual plants in habitat, but increasingly have arisen from cultivation, sometimes by deliberately selecting mildly-coloured plants to achieve intense colours for a cultivar. The term "aberrant colour form" (acf.) has been used for these unusually-coloured Lithops.<a href="#cite_note-cole2006-11">[11]</a>

There are also so-called "pattern cultivars" of Lithops, seed strains which have been selectively-bred or stabilised from isolated unusual plants to have intensified or unusual leaf patterns, and sometimes unusual flowers. In some cases, these are <a href="Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scrapbook-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propagation">Propagation</h3></div>

Propagation of Lithops is by <a href="Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> or <a href="Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">cuttings</a>. Cuttings can only be used to produce new plants after a plant has naturally divided to form multiple heads, so most propagation is by seed. Lithops can readily be pollinated by hand if two separate <a href="Cloning" title="Cloning">clones</a> of a species flower at the same time, and seed will be <a href="Ripening" title="Ripening">ripe</a> about 9 months later. Seed is easy to <a href="Germinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinate">germinate</a>, but the seedlings are small and vulnerable for the first year or two, and will not flower until at least two or three years old.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</h2></div>

At least half of the species listed in the <a href="Red_List_of_South_African_Plants" title="Red List of South African Plants">Red List of South African Plants</a> are classified as endangered or threatened for various reasons, including poaching for the succulent horticultural trade, habitat degradation, and decreased or restricted range due to urban and agriculture expansion.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

</caption>

<th>Species

</th>

<th>Conservation status

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_aucampiae" title="Lithops aucampiae">Lithops aucampiae</a>

</td>

<td>VU

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_coleorum" title="Lithops coleorum">Lithops coleorum</a>

</td>

<td>VU

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_dinteri" title="Lithops dinteri">Lithops dinteri</a>

</td>

<td>VU

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_divergens" title="Lithops divergens">Lithops divergens</a>

</td>

<td>NT

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_dorotheae" title="Lithops dorotheae">Lithops dorotheae</a>

</td>

<td>EN

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_geyeri" title="Lithops geyeri">Lithops geyeri</a>

</td>

<td>Rare

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_helmutii" title="Lithops helmutii">Lithops helmutii</a>

</td>

<td>VU

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_herrei" title="Lithops herrei">Lithops herrei</a>

</td>

<td>VU

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_lesliei" title="Lithops lesliei">Lithops lesliei</a> subsp. burchellii

</td>

<td>NT

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Lithops lesliei subsp. lesliei

</td>

<td>VU

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_meyeri" title="Lithops meyeri">Lithops meyeri</a>

</td>

<td>VU

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_naureeniae" title="Lithops naureeniae">Lithops naureeniae</a>

</td>

<td>VU

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_olivacea" title="Lithops olivacea">Lithops olivacea</a>

</td>

<td>VU

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_otzeniana" title="Lithops otzeniana">Lithops otzeniana</a>

</td>

<td>VU

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_salicola" title="Lithops salicola">Lithops salicola</a>

</td>

<td>NT

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_viridis" title="Lithops viridis">Lithops viridis</a>

</td>

<td>VU

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The first scientific description of Lithops was made by <a href="Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a> and artist <a href="William_John_Burchell" title="William John Burchell">William John Burchell</a>, explorer of <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, although he called it <a href="Mesembryanthemum" title="Mesembryanthemum">Mesembryanthemum</a> turbiniforme. In 1811, Burchell discovered a specimen when picking up a "curiously shaped pebble" from the ground.<a href="#cite_note-cole2006-11">[11]</a> Unfortunately the documented physical description was not detailed enough to be sure which Lithops he had discovered and the name Lithops turbiniformis is no longer used, although for many years it was applied to what is now known as <a href="Lithops_hookeri" title="Lithops hookeri">Lithops hookeri</a>.

Several more Lithops were published as Mesembryanthemum <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> until in 1922 <a href="Nicholas_Edward_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Edward Brown">N E Brown</a> started to split up the overly large genus on the basis of the <a href="Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsules</a>. The <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> Lithops was created and dozens more species were published in the following decades. Brown, <a href="Martin_Heinrich_Gustav_Schwantes" title="Martin Heinrich Gustav Schwantes">Gustav Schwantes</a>, <a href="Kurt_Dinter" title="Kurt Dinter">Kurt Dinter</a>, <a href="Gert_Nel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gert Nel">Gert Nel</a>, and Louisa Bolus continued to document Lithops from across southern Africa, but there was little consensus on the relationships between them, or even which populations should be grouped as species. As recently as the 1950s, the genus remained rather unknown in cultivation and was not well understood <a href="Taxonomically" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomically">taxonomically</a>.

In the 1950s, Desmond and Naureen Cole began to study Lithops. Together, the couple visited nearly all natural habitats of the different lithops populations and collected samples from approximately 400. They document and identify them, assigning a number, which is now known as the Cole number still used today all around the world. They studied and revised the genus, in 1988 publishing a definitive book (Lithops: Flowering Stones) describing the <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a>, <a href="Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, and <a href="Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> which have been accepted ever since.

Because their camouflage is so effective, new species continue to be discovered. Recent discoveries include <a href="Lithops_coleorum" title="Lithops coleorum">L. coleorum</a> in 1994, <a href="Lithops_hermetica" title="Lithops hermetica">L. hermetica</a> in 2000, and <a href="Lithops_amicorum" title="Lithops amicorum">L. amicorum</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div>

Many of the species listed have named <a href="Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> or <a href="Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> and some have many regional <a href="Form_(botany)" title="Form (botany)">forms</a> identified by old names or habitat locations. Identification of species is primarily by flower colour and leaf patterns. The species list here follows Cole & Cole (2006).<a href="#cite_note-cole2006-11">[11]</a>

<caption>Lithops<a href="#cite_note-hartmann2001-14">[14]</a>

</caption>

<th>Specific epithet

</th>

<th>Meaning

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_amicorum" title="Lithops amicorum">amicorum</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

</td>

<td>of the friends

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_aucampiae" title="Lithops aucampiae">aucampiae</a>

</td>

<td>named after Juanita Aucamp

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_bromfieldii" title="Lithops bromfieldii">bromfieldii</a>

</td>

<td>named after H. Bromfield

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_coleorum" title="Lithops coleorum">coleorum</a>

</td>

<td>named after Desmond & Naureen Cole

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_comptonii" title="Lithops comptonii">comptonii</a>

</td>

<td>named after Prof. <a href="Robert_Harold_Compton" title="Robert Harold Compton">Robert Harold Compton</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_dinteri" title="Lithops dinteri">dinteri</a>

</td>

<td>named after <a href="Moritz_Kurt_Dinter" class="mw-redirect" title="Moritz Kurt Dinter">Moritz Kurt Dinter</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_divergens" title="Lithops divergens">divergens</a>

</td>

<td>divergent lobes

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_dorotheae" title="Lithops dorotheae">dorotheae</a>

</td>

<td>named after Dorothea Huyssteen

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_francisci" title="Lithops francisci">francisci</a>

</td>

<td>named after Frantz de Laet

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_fulviceps" title="Lithops fulviceps">fulviceps</a>

</td>

<td>tawny head

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_gesineae" title="Lithops gesineae">gesineae</a>

</td>

<td>named after Gesine de Boer

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_geyeri" title="Lithops geyeri">geyeri</a>

</td>

<td>named after Albertus Geyer

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_gracilidelineata" title="Lithops gracilidelineata">gracilidelineata</a>

</td>

<td>thin lined

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_hallii" title="Lithops hallii">hallii</a>

</td>

<td>named after <a href="Harry_Hall_(botanist)" title="Harry Hall (botanist)">Harry Hall</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_helmutii" title="Lithops helmutii">helmutii</a>

</td>

<td>named after Helmut Meyer

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_hermetica" title="Lithops hermetica">hermetica</a>

</td>

<td>named after the 'hermetically sealed' location, <a href="Sperrgebiet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperrgebiet">Sperrgebiet</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_herrei" title="Lithops herrei">herrei</a>

</td>

<td>named after Adolar 'Hans' Herre

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_hookeri" title="Lithops hookeri">hookeri</a>

</td>

<td>named after <a href="Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Sir Joseph Hooker</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_julii" title="Lithops julii">julii</a>

</td>

<td>named after Julius Derenberg

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_karasmontana" title="Lithops karasmontana">karasmontana</a>

</td>

<td>named after the <a href="Great_Karas_Mountains" title="Great Karas Mountains">Great Karas Mountains</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_lesliei" title="Lithops lesliei">lesliei</a>

</td>

<td>named after T. N. Leslie

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_localis" title="Lithops localis">localis</a>

</td>

<td>of a place

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_marmorata" title="Lithops marmorata">marmorata</a>

</td>

<td>marbled

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_meyeri" title="Lithops meyeri">meyeri</a>

</td>

<td>named after Rev. Gottlieb Meyer

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_naureeniae" title="Lithops naureeniae">naureeniae</a>

</td>

<td>named after Naureen Cole

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_olivacea" title="Lithops olivacea">olivacea</a>

</td>

<td>olive-green

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_optica" title="Lithops optica">optica</a>

</td>

<td>eye-like

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_otzeniana" title="Lithops otzeniana">otzeniana</a>

</td>

<td>named after M. Otzen

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_pseudotruncatella" title="Lithops pseudotruncatella">pseudotruncatella</a>

</td>

<td>had been confused with <a href="Conophytum_truncatum" title="Conophytum truncatum">Conophytum truncatum</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_ruschiorum" title="Lithops ruschiorum">ruschiorum</a>

</td>

<td>named after Rusch family

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_salicola" title="Lithops salicola">salicola</a>

</td>

<td>salt-dweller

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_schwantesii" title="Lithops schwantesii">schwantesii</a>

</td>

<td>named after <a href="Martin_Heinrich_Gustav_Schwantes" title="Martin Heinrich Gustav Schwantes">Gustav Schwantes</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_vallis-mariae" title="Lithops vallis-mariae">vallis-mariae</a>

</td>

<td>named after the location <a href="Mariental%2C_Namibia" title="Mariental, Namibia">Mariental</a> (Latinised)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_verruculosa" title="Lithops verruculosa">verruculosa</a>

</td>

<td>warty

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_villetii" title="Lithops villetii">villetii</a>

</td>

<td>named after C. T. Villet

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_viridis" title="Lithops viridis">viridis</a>

</td>

<td>green

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lithops_werneri" title="Lithops werneri">werneri</a>

</td>

<td>named after Werner Triebner

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Although the species, subspecies, and varieties published by Cole & Cole<a href="#cite_note-cole2006-11">[11]</a> largely remain accepted and in widespread use,<a href="#cite_note-hartmann2001-14">[14]</a> some variations have been published by other authors. Some published changes since 2006 include:

<ul><li>reducing L. amicorum to a subspecies of L. karasmontana; combining L. karasmontana ssp. bella and ssp. eberlanzii into one subspecies; and combining L. herrei with L. optica.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li>

<li>raising L. dendritica and L. eberlanzii to species level and dropping all the separate varieties of L. karasmontana.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li>

<li>raising L. bella, L. burchellii, L. euniceae, and L. glaudinae to species level; combining L. dorotheae and L schwantesii var. marthae under L. dinteri; combining L. francisci, L. gesinae, and L. hermetica; combining L. geyeri under L. herrei; dropping separate subspecies of L. julii and L. gracilidelineata; splitting ssp. archerae, dendritica and groendrayensis from L. pseudotruncatella as L. dendritica; and dropping separate varieties under L. villetii.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li></ul>

One study of <a href="Non-coding_DNA" title="Non-coding DNA">non-coding</a> <a href="Chloroplast_DNA" title="Chloroplast DNA">chloroplast DNA</a> (trnS-trnG intergenic spacer), nuclear ribosomal <a href="Internal_transcribed_spacer" title="Internal transcribed spacer">internal transcribed spacer</a> (nrITS) sequences and <a href="Amplified_fragment_length_polymorphism" title="Amplified fragment length polymorphism">AFLP</a> data found that Lithops was not <a href="Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> since <a href="Dinteranthus" title="Dinteranthus">Dinteranthus</a>, <a href="Schwantesia" title="Schwantesia">Schwantesia</a>, and <a href="Lapidaria_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapidaria (plant)">Lapidaria</a> were involved. It identified 9 clades which did not closely frame the accepted 37 species.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Lithops sp. Blooms emerge between the leaves in autumn.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Lithops sp. Some species have flowers large enough to obscure the leaves. They open in the afternoon and close in the evening.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Sculpture of lithops, National Botanical Gardens of Ireland</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011100535/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6900">"Genus: Lithops N. E. Br"</a>. Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-06-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6900">the original</a> on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2011-04-09.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075671">Best of Both Worlds: Simultaneous High-Light and Shade-Tolerance Adaptations within Individual Leaves of the Living Stone Lithops aucampiae</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEd_Storms1986" class="citation book cs1">Ed Storms (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WC2vtgAACAAJ">The New Growing the Mesembs</a>. Storms.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf">"AGM Plants - Ornamental"</a> (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 61. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10366/i-Lithops-karasmontana-i/Details">"RHS Plantfinder - Lithops karasmontana"</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10370/i-Lithops-olivacea-i/Details">"RHS Plantfinder - Lithops olivacea"</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10372/i-Lithops-pseudotruncatella-i/Details">"RHS Plantfinder - Lithops pseudotruncatella"</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/150628/i-Lithops-salicola-i/Details">"RHS Plantfinder - Lithops salicola"</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10373/i-Lithops-schwantesii-i/Details">"RHS Plantfinder - Lithops schwantesii"</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-scrapbook-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scrapbook_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scrapbook_10-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKeith_Green" class="citation web cs1">Keith Green. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scrapbooklithops.com/cultivars.html">"The International Cultivar Registration Authority Register and Checklist for the genus Lithops N.E.Br"</a>. Scrapbooklithops. Retrieved 2023-07-09.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-cole2006-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cole2006_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole2006_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole2006_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole2006_11-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFColeCole2005" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Desmond; Cole, Naureen (2005). Lithops—Flowering Stones. Cactus & Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>88-900511-7-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/genus.php?genus=85">"Species list: Lithops | Threatened Species Programme | SANBI Red List of South African Plants"</a>. redlist.sanbi.org. Retrieved 2024-09-02.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEllerRuess1982" class="citation journal cs1">Eller, Benno M.; Ruess, Beatrice (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb00300.x">"Water relations of Lithops plants embedded into the soil and exposed to free air"</a>. Physiologia Plantarum. 55 (3): 329–334. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054.1982.tb00300.x">10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb00300.x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9317">0031-9317</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hartmann2001-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hartmann2001_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hartmann2001_14-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHartmann,_H.E.K.2001" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, H.E.K., ed. (2001). Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Aizoaceae F-Z. Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-540-41723-0</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCole2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Desmond (2006). "Cactus&Co Journal". Cactus&Co. X(1): 57–59.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFArakakiChristinNyffelerLendel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Arakaki, Mónica; Christin, Pascal-Antoine; Nyffeler, Reto; Lendel, Anita; Eggli, Urs; Ogburn, R. Matthew; Spriggs, Elizabeth; Moore, Michael J.; Edwards, Erika J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100969">"Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (20): 8379–8384. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.8379A">2011PNAS..108.8379A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1100628108">10.1073/pnas.1100628108</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100969">3100969</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21536881">21536881</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEarléYoung2020" class="citation journal cs1">Earlé, Roy A.; Young, Andrew J. (2020). "The form, structure and size of Lithops N.E.Br. Seeds and the taxonomic implications". Bradleya. 2020 (38): 195. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25223%2Fbrad.n38.2020.a20">10.25223/brad.n38.2020.a20</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220072147">220072147</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFH_Jainta2019" class="citation journal cs1">H Jainta (2019). "Ein neuer taxonomischer Ansatz für die Gattung Lithops N.E.Br". Avonia. 37 (1).</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKellnerRitzSchlittenhardtHellwig2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kellner, A.; Ritz, C. M.; Schlittenhardt, P.; Hellwig, F. H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1438-8677.2010.00354.x">"Genetic differentiation in the genus Lithops L. (Ruschioideae, Aizoaceae) reveals a high level of convergent evolution and reflects geographic distribution"</a>. Plant Biology. 13 (2): 368–380. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PlBio..13..368K">2011PlBio..13..368K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1438-8677.2010.00354.x">10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00354.x</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21309984">21309984</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation book cs1">Jainta, Harald (2017). Wild Lithops. Klaus Hess Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-933117-93-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Cole, Desmond T (1988). Lithops—Flowering Stones. Acorn Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-620-09678-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Cole, Desmond; Cole, Naureen (2005). Lithops—Flowering Stones. Cactus & Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>88-900511-7-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Steven (1999). Lithops: Treasures of the Veld. BCCS. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-902099-64-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Schwantes, Gustav (1957). Flowering Stones and Mid-day Flowers. London: Ernst Benn.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lithops" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Lithops">Lithops</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lithops" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Lithops">Lithops</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2654732">Lithops info from the BBC</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lithops.info/">A guide to the cultivation of Lithops</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scrapbooklithops.com/">Scrapbooklithops</a> (General info & habitat photographs)</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2767" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2767" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Lithops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133283" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q133283">Q133283</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lithops" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Lithops">Lithops</a></li>

<li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id61887">61887</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/186097">186097</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1346813">1346813</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=314401">314401</a></li>

<li><a href="Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A16237-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:16237-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40007823">40007823</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1553" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1553" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88022890">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15537849k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15537849k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1203759&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007532164105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/4bb5d7ee-c213-43c3-bed2-cb064fb767f2">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Lithops&oldid=1292044829">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>